Planet-wide, Concentric Density Waves in Venus's Upper Atmosphere Revealed through Polarimetry?

We report observations of faint (10-6), concentric, planet-wide rings in the polarized flux of sunlight that is reflected by Venus, obtained during a serendipitous, 36-minute run in 2010, with the highly sensitive Extreme Polarimeter (ExPo) on the William Herschel Telescope. The rings appear to be centered slightly downwind of the sub-solar point, are visible in different filters across the visible, and are not obvious in the simultaneous total flux observations. ExPo's dual-beam exchange and double-differencing design strongly suppresses first-order instrumental polarization, and we could not identify an instrumental cause of the observed pattern. Because ExPo was dismantled before the rings were identified in the data, this is the only set of observations of these rings. We are therefore careful in claiming the detection of a new atmospheric phenomenon on Venus. However, numerical radiative transfer simulations show that planet-wide rings in polarization can arise due to density variations of 5 to 10% in the gas above the clouds, consistent with a gravity wave. Our simulations also show that such density variations would not show up in total flux observations. By presenting our observations and numerical simulations, we hope to motivate new polarimetric observations of Venus that could confirm or refute the presence of such planet-wide waves.