Luminous Red Novae as shock-powered transients I: Electron-scattering wings and deviations from Case B

Luminous red novae (LRNe) are a class of optical transients resulting from the mergers of binary stars or common envelope events. The population displays heterogeneous light curves with extended luminosity plateaus and/or secondary peaks, suggested to be powered by hydrogen recombination or shocks between pre- and post-merger ejecta. However, much of their spectroscopic behaviour remains unexplained. Using a sample of six LRNe, we identify telltale spectral evidence for shock processes across the LRNe luminosity range (10 38 - 10 41, erg/s): (i) fast ejecta sweeping up slower upstream material; (ii) composite epochs with two distinct components, namely a cool stellar-like continuum underneath a hot nebular recombination region; and (iii) extremely broad line wings extending to 1000 - 10,000, km/s. Such line profiles reveal photons scattering off hot electrons in an outflow (T e about5000 - 10,000, K,,v es! about!300 - 500, km/s), with recombination seen from both the upstream and downstream of the shock surface. Additionally, constraints on the density of the upstream medium are obtained from recombination-line ratios, where brighter LRNe show deviations from Case B, consistent with denser surrounding environments. Given the outflow's velocity and surrounding density constraints, the shock luminosity is sufficient to account for the total energetics of LRNe without requiring other energy-injection mechanisms. During the plateau phase, the scattering wings are hidden and line ratios are affected by radiative transport effects, which highlights the utility of post-plateau phase spectroscopy.