Neutron stars as thermometers for reheating induced dipole dark matter

We investigate the electromagnetic interactions of dipole dark matter (DM) within an effective field theory framework, considering both standard and non-standard cosmological scenarios. We first study the prospects of DM production via both the freeze-out and freeze-in mechanisms within the standard radiation-domination. We then investigate how the viable DM parameter space is modified in a non-standard cosmological scenario due to entropy dilution during reheating. Existing constraints on the parameter space are discussed, and we highlight the discovery potential of future direct detection experiments to probe these scenarios. We further investigate the implications of neutron star heating for dipole DM. Due to the momentum-dependent nature of the interaction, dipole DM is captured efficiently by neutron stars, thereby making neutron star heating a sensitive probe of the dipole DM parameter space.