Coherent and Incoherent Emission from the Ordered Magnetospheres of Low-Mass Stars, UCDs, and Massive Stars

Massive early-type (B/A) stars and ultracool dwarfs (UCDs) represent two distinct regimes in which ordered, large-scale magnetospheres are observed. In rapidly rotating massive stars, incoherent radio emission is explained by the centrifugal breakout (CBO) mechanism: plasma confined within the rigidly rotating magnetosphere accumulates beyond the co-rotation radius, where centrifugal forces trigger breakout events and magnetic reconnection, generating non-thermal electrons that produce incoherent gyro-synchrotron emission. Empirically, the radio luminosity correlates with the power released by CBO events, establishing a clear link between stellar rotation, magnetic confinement, and radio output. In UCDs, persistent non-thermal radio emission exhibits similar luminosity trends to those of massive magnetic stars, despite the absence of strong stellar winds. This similarity suggests that a CBO-like process may also operate in these fully convective, low-mass objects, though the plasma source and acceleration mechanisms remain uncertain. In both classes, coherent electron cyclotron maser emission (ECME), characterized by strong polarization and rotational modulation, is observed, indicating common magnetospheric processes analogous to planetary auroral emission. The Square Kilometre Array (SKA) will be able to deeply observe about 70% of the sky. We expect to observe about 1000 UCDs, enabling better statistical analysis of their emission and a test of the CBO hypothesis.