A General Multimodal Probing Framework for Data Fusion and Prediction with Frozen Large Language Models: Evidence from Multimodal EHR Data

arXiv:2606.28798 · cs.AI, stat.AP · Submitted 2026-06-27 · Read on arXiv

cs.AI, stat.AP

Submitted: 2026-06-27

Updated: 2026-09-19

Comments: 30 pages (14 main text + 16 supplementary), 3 figures, 4 tables; supplementary materials appended after the references

License: http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/

Terminology

• Accuracy — 46× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Embeddings — 14× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Adaptation — 10× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Linear probe — 10× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Transformer — 8× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Fine-Tuning — 4× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• Linear Probing — 3× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Pruning — 3× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Ablation — 2× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Benchmark — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Data Fusion — 2× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Foundation Model — 2× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Foundation Models — 2× in this paper · explained in 7 episodes
• Generalizability — 2× in this paper · explained in 6 episodes
• Large Language Model (LLM) — 2× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Multimodal Fusion — 2× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Aggregation — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Attention Mechanism — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Benchmarking — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Domain Adaptation — 1× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• External Validation — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Interpretability — 1× in this paper · explained in 15 episodes
• Large Language Models (LLMs) — 1× in this paper · explained in 6 episodes
• Late Fusion — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Model-Agnostic — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Multimodal Integration — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Robustness — 1× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• Sparsity — 1× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Transferability — 1× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Transformer Architecture — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Zero-Shot Transfer — 1× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes

Sources

• PLM-ICD: Automatic ICD Coding with Pretrained Language Models
• Understanding intermediate layers using linear classifier probes

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