The Web4 Agent Economy: A Large-Scale Empirical Study of the Landscape, Challenges, and Opportunities

arXiv:2606.25876 · cs.SE, cs.CR · Submitted 2026-06-24 · Read on arXiv

cs.SE, cs.CR

Submitted: 2026-06-24

Updated: 2026-09-02

Code: https://github.com/coinbase/agentkit

Project page: https://ethereum.github.io/yellowpaper/paper.pdf

Terminology

Model Context Protocol — 11× in this paper
Model Context Protocol (MCP) — 8× in this paper · explained in 8 episodes
Adaptation — 7× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
AI Agents — 6× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Alignment — 4× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
Core — 4× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Large Language Model — 4× in this paper
Verification — 4× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Actor — 3× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
Accountability — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Adam — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Aggregation — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
Causal Inference — 1× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
Consistency — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
Error Taxonomy — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
Internet Engineering Task Force — 1× in this paper
Large Language Model (LLM) — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
Trace — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes

Sources

Related papers