SCOPE: Sequential Conformal Probing for Reliable OOD Rejection in LLM Services

arXiv:2606.21255 · cs.CL · Submitted 2026-06-19 · Read on arXiv

cs.CL

Submitted: 2026-06-19

Updated: 2026-09-06

Comments: Added funding acknowledgments

License: http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/

Terminology

• Calibration — 33× in this paper · explained in 7 episodes
• Distribution Shift — 6× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• Hallucination — 5× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Transformer — 5× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Benchmark — 4× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Conformal Prediction — 4× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• alpha — 4× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Conformal Linear Gate — 3× in this paper
• Consistency — 3× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Exchangeability — 3× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Abstention — 2× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Conformal Directional Gate — 2× in this paper
• Frozen model — 2× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Hallucination Detection — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Interpretability — 2× in this paper · explained in 15 episodes
• Large Language Model (LLM) — 2× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Robustness — 2× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• Ablation — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Accuracy — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Adam — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Adversarial Attacks — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Adversarial Examples — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Domain Shift — 1× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Embeddings — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Foundation Model — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Generalization — 1× in this paper · explained in 13 episodes
• Large Language Models (LLMs) — 1× in this paper · explained in 6 episodes
• Linear probe — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Sequential Conformal OOD Probing and Evaluation — 1× in this paper
• Trace — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Unified Framework — 1× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes

Sources

• Linear socio-demographic representations emerge in Large Language Models from indirect cues
• The Falcon Series of Open Language Models
• Mistral 7B
• FragileFlow: Spectral Control of Correct-but-Fragile Predictions for Foundation Model Robustness
• Language Models (Mostly) Know What They Know
• Out-of-Distribution Detection Should Use Conformal Prediction (and Vice-versa?)
• Qwen2.5 Technical Report
• 2 OLMo 2 Furious
• Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Models

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