Baryonic mass budgets in the central regions of the Bullet Cluster and their consistency with strong lensing in MOND

arXiv:2606.19454 · astro-ph.GA, astro-ph.CO · Submitted 2026-06-17 · Read on arXiv

Dong Zhang, Hosein Haghi, Elena Asencio, Indranil Banik, Akram Hasani Zonoozi, Sangjun Cha, Boseong Young Cho, Hyungjin Joo, Pavel Kroupa, Anastasia Lazutkina, Eda Gjergo

Bonn · Bonn, Zanjan · Bonn · Portsmouth · Bonn · Seoul · Seoul · Seoul · Bonn, Prague · Wuppertal · Nanjing

astro-ph.GA, astro-ph.CO

Submitted: 2026-06-17

Comments: 23 pages, 10 figures. Accepted by PRD. Minor revisions to the abstract of the manuscript have been made, while the remainder of the manuscript is left unchanged

DOI: 10.1103/6zrp-q7c4

License: http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/

Terminology

• Metallicity — 54× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Core — 47× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Aperture — 35× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Consistency — 5× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Abundance — 4× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Gravitational Lensing — 3× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Population Synthesis — 3× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Weak Lensing — 3× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Clustering — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Hubble Tension — 2× in this paper · explained in 9 episodes
• Microlensing — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Accuracy — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Initial Mass Function (IMF) — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences — 1× in this paper
• Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Star Formation Rate (SFR) — 1× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• Velocity Dispersion — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes

Sources

• 1E0657-56: A Contender for the Hottest Known Cluster of Galaxies
• THINGS about MOND
• The Radial Acceleration Relation in Rotationally Supported Galaxies
• Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND): Observational Phenomenology and Relativistic Extensions
• From galactic bars to the Hubble tension: weighing up the astrophysical evidence for Milgromian gravity
• The many tensions with dark-matter based models and implications on the nature of the Universe
• Resolving the virial discrepancy in clusters of galaxies with modified Newtonian dynamics
• New constraints on MOND from galaxy clusters
• MOND plus classical neutrinos not enough for cluster lensing
• Dwarf Spheroidals in MOND
• Hydrostatic mass profiles in X-COP galaxy clusters
• On the nature of the missing mass of galaxy clusters in MOND: the view from gravitational lensing
• Galaxy clusters in Milgromian dynamics: Missing matter, hydrostatic bias, and the external field effect
• Are sterile neutrinos consistent with clusters, the CMB and MOND?
• Galaxy Cluster Bulk Flows and Collision Velocities in QUMOND
• Hydrodynamical structure formation in Milgromian cosmology
• On the initial conditions of the $\nu$HDM cosmological model
• How does a MOND cosmology fare on Gpc scales? - Collisionless $N$-body simulations of $\nu$HDM
• Equilibrium configurations of 11eV sterile neutrinos in MONDian galaxy clusters
• The KBC void and Hubble tension contradict $\Lambda$CDM on a Gpc scale $-$ Milgromian dynamics as a possible solution

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