Physics-guided discovery of dynamical dark-energy equations of state through iterative AI reasoning

arXiv:2606.19427 · astro-ph.CO, astro-ph.IM, physics.comp-ph, physics.data-an · Submitted 2026-06-17 · Read on arXiv

Clecio R. Bom, Bernardo M. Fraga, Miguel A. Sabogal, Armando Bernui, Phelipe Darc, Gustavo Schwarz

astro-ph.CO, astro-ph.IM, physics.comp-ph, physics.data-an

Submitted: 2026-06-17

Comments: 6 figures, 45 pages, submitted. Code: https://iadev.cbpf.br/labia/cosmoai

Code: https://github.com/cmbant/getdist

License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

The gist: Phenomenological model building has traditionally relied on human reasoning: equations are proposed from theoretical intuition, analogy, or empirical convenience, and only then tested against data.

Terminology

Abstract

Phenomenological model building has traditionally relied on human reasoning: equations are proposed from theoretical intuition, analogy, or empirical convenience, and only then tested against data. Here we show that this cycle can be recast as an iterative AI reasoning process for dynamical dark energy. Our framework uses a large language model to propose equations of state together with cosmological rationales, grounded by retrieval from the dark-energy literature and refined through autonomous evaluation. Each candidate is embedded in a cosmological model, optimized against observations, and assessed using likelihood performance and theoretical consistency. An independent language-model critic scores the physical motivation, novelty, clarity, stability and implementation validity of both the equation and its rationale, allowing subsequent proposals to evolve jointly in mathematical structure and physical reasoning. Applied to cosmological data combinations including supernovae, baryon acoustic oscillations and Planck likelihoods, the framework identifies two parameterizations that, to the best of our knowledge, have not previously been explored and that are competitive with established forms. For Pantheon+ supernovae, DESI DR2 baryon acoustic oscillations and the full Planck 2018 temperature, polarization, and lensing likelihoods, the best AI-selected model attains larger Bayesian evidence than the traditional parameterizations considered here by more than one unit. These results show that AI-guided reasoning can complement physical model building by proposing and evaluating interpretable phenomenological parameterizations for dynamical dark energy.

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