Multi-band cross-correlation dark sirens: enhancing cosmological parameter and gravitational-wave bias constraints

Multi-band gravitational-wave (GW) observation, combining space-borne and ground-based detectors across different frequency bands, can improve the sky localization of compact binary sources by two to three orders of magnitude compared to single-band detection. This enhancement is crucial for cross-correlation dark siren analyses, since the sky localization uncertainty directly determines the noise level of the GW angular power spectrum. In this work, we present the first Fisher forecast for cross-correlation dark siren cosmology with multi-band GW observations, cross-correlating GW events from the Einstein Telescope (ET), Cosmic Explorer (CE), and B-DECIGO with the Chinese Space-station Survey Telescope photometric galaxy survey. We compare three network configurations: the multi-band B-DECIGO+ET+2CE (BDET2CE), the ground-only ET+2CE (ET2CE), and B-DECIGO alone. In the Λ CDM model, BDET2CE achieves σ(h)/h = 0.35%, improving by 37% over the ground-only ET2CE (0.55%) and by 86% over B-DECIGO alone (2.45%). Extending to the w 0w a CDM framework, the multi-band advantage on cosmological parameters becomes more moderate, with BDET2CE improving σ(h)/h by about 4% over ET2CE and about 22% over B-DECIGO. The most striking advantage of multi-band observation lies in the per-bin measurement of the GW clustering bias b GW(z): at z about 1-2, BDET2CE constrains the bias to about 3% precision, compared to about 8-60% for ET2CE and about 20-33% for B-DECIGO. These precise, redshift-resolved bias measurements open a new avenue for probing the astrophysics of compact binary mergers, enabling constraints on formation channels such as isolated binary evolution and dynamical assembly that predict distinct clustering signatures.