GRADE: Probing Knowledge Gaps in LLMs through Gradient Subspace Dynamics

arXiv:2604.02830 · cs.CL · Submitted 2026-04-03 · Read on arXiv

cs.CL

Submitted: 2026-04-03

Updated: 2026-08-31

Code: https://github.com/yjEugenia/llm-aware

License: http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/

Terminology

• AUROC — 16× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Large Language Model — 10× in this paper
• Accuracy — 9× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Benchmark — 8× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Hallucination — 7× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Robustness — 5× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• Ablation — 4× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Generalization — 4× in this paper · explained in 13 episodes
• Uncertainty Quantification — 4× in this paper · explained in 8 episodes
• Alignment — 3× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Consistency — 3× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Epistemic Uncertainty — 3× in this paper · explained in 10 episodes
• Gradient Subspace Rank Ratio — 3× in this paper
• Transferability — 3× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic — 2× in this paper
• Calibration — 2× in this paper · explained in 7 episodes
• Core — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Hallucination Detection — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Internal Confidence — 2× in this paper
• Loss Function — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Massive Multitask Language Understanding — 2× in this paper
• Natural Questions — 2× in this paper
• Perplexity — 2× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Aggregation — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Attention Mechanism — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Catastrophic Forgetting — 1× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• Chain-of-Thought Prompting — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Clustering — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Contrastive Learning — 1× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• Distribution Shift — 1× in this paper · explained in 6 episodes
• False Positive Rate — 1× in this paper
• Fisher Information — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Interpretability — 1× in this paper · explained in 15 episodes
• Intrinsic Dimension — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Large Language Model (LLM) — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Large Language Models (LLMs) — 1× in this paper · explained in 6 episodes
• Latent Space — 1× in this paper · explained in 7 episodes
• Mechanistic interpretability — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Multi-Layer Perceptron — 1× in this paper
• RAG — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) — 1× in this paper · explained in 16 episodes
• Self-consistency — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Transformer — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• True Positive Rate — 1× in this paper
• Verification — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Verifier — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes

Sources

• Training Verifiers to Solve Math Word Problems
• The Llama 3 Herd of Models
• Language Models (Mostly) Know What They Know
• Qwen2.5 Technical Report
• Qwen3 Technical Report
• Gemma 2: Improving Open Language Models at a Practical Size
• Stable-RAG: Mitigating Retrieval-Permutation-Induced Hallucinations in Retrieval-Augmented Generation

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