Signatures from pion condensation and lepton flavor asymmetries in the cosmological gravitational wave background

arXiv:2603.26946 · hep-ph, astro-ph.CO, nucl-th · Submitted 2026-03-27 · Read on arXiv

hep-ph, astro-ph.CO, nucl-th

Submitted: 2026-03-27

Updated: 2026-08-26

Comments: 5 pages of main text + supplementary material. 4 + 1 figures. Matches accepted version in Physical Review Letters

DOI: 10.1103/pcbf-pg4p

License: http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/

Terminology

• Causality Tail — 5× in this paper
• pulsar timing arrays — 3× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Benchmark — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Big Bang Nucleosynthesis — 1× in this paper
• Core — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Frequency Dependence — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Hadron Resonance Gas — 1× in this paper
• Symmetry Breaking — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Trace — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes

Sources

• The NANOGrav 15-year Data Set: Evidence for a Gravitational-Wave Background
• The NANOGrav 15-year Data Set: Observations and Timing of 68 Millisecond Pulsars
• The second data release from the European Pulsar Timing Array I. The dataset and timing analysis
• The second data release from the European Pulsar Timing Array III. Search for gravitational wave signals
• Search for an isotropic gravitational-wave background with the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array
• Searching for the nano-Hertz stochastic gravitational wave background with the Chinese Pulsar Timing Array Data Release I
• Cosmological Background Interpretation of Pulsar Timing Array Data
• The NANOGrav 15-year Data Set: Search for Signals from New Physics
• Footprints of the QCD Crossover on Cosmological Gravitational Waves at Pulsar Timing Arrays
• Causal gravitational waves as a probe of free streaming particles and the expansion of the Universe
• Ability of LIGO and LISA to probe the equation of state of the early Universe
• General Properties of the Gravitational Wave Spectrum from Phase Transitions
• Universal infrared scaling of gravitational wave background spectra
• Parametric Resonance and Cosmological Gravitational Waves
• Cosmic Strings Gravitational Wave Probe of Leptogenesis: Thermal, Non-thermal, Near-resonant and Flavourful
• Primordial gravitational waves, precisely: The role of thermodynamics in the Standard Model
• Precision Early Universe Cosmology from Stochastic Gravitational Waves
• Effects of the QCD Equation of State and Lepton Asymmetry on Primordial Gravitational Waves
• Pion condensation in the early Universe at nonvanishing lepton flavor asymmetry and its gravitational wave signatures
• The cosmic QCD transition for large lepton flavour asymmetries

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