The Cosmological Simulation Code OpenGadget3 - Implementation of Self-Interacting Dark Matter
astro-ph.IM, astro-ph.CO, hep-ph, physics.comp-ph
Submitted: 2026-03-10
Updated: 2026-09-17
Comments: Published in the Open Journal of Astrophysics; 25 pages, 14 figures + appendix
Project page: https://www.darkium.org
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The gist: Dark matter (DM) could be subject to non-gravitational self-interactions which is relevant to resolve potential problems of cold DM on small scales.
Terminology
Abstract
Dark matter (DM) could be subject to non-gravitational self-interactions which is relevant to resolve potential problems of cold DM on small scales. Their impact on astrophysical objects such as galaxies and galaxy clusters allows for constraining the strength of this scattering and eventually further properties of the cross-section. To model self-interacting dark matter (SIDM), N-body simulations are a crucial tool widely employed by the SIDM community. In this paper, we describe the SIDM implementation in the cosmological hydrodynamical N-body code OpenGadget3 and release it to the public. It is capable of simulating elastic scattering for various differential cross-sections, including strongly anisotropic cross-sections. Beyond single-species models, the code also allows simulating a two-species model with cross-species interactions. In addition to describing the numerical schemes for modelling various flavours of SIDM, we discuss the technical challenges of implementing them. Moreover, we demonstrate through several test problems that OpenGadget3 can accurately simulate DM self-interactions. Furthermore, we assess the performance of the code and provide scaling tests. Lastly, we highlight remaining challenges in the context of SIDM and describe directions for improving the current state of the art.
Sources
- The large cores of dark matter and globular clusters in AS1063. Possible evidence of self-interacting dark matter. Or not
- MARVELously Dark: the density profile evolution of dwarf halos in velocity-dependent SIDM
- The dark fate of ultra-faint dwarfs: Gravothermal collapse in action
- Non-Equilibrium Relativistic Core Collapse of Self-Interacting Dark Matter Halos -- Limits On Seed Black Hole Mass
- Numerical evolution of self-gravitating halos of self-interacting dark matter
- Strong-lensing Perturber Signatures in Self-interacting Dark Matter Simulations
- Testing the isothermal Jeans model for self-interacting dark matter halos in the collapse phase
- Calibrating the SIDM Gravothermal Catastrophe with N-body Simulations
- To collapse or not to collapse: Halo evolution with self-interacting dark matter mass segregation
- First-Principles Formalism for Simulating Self-Interacting Dark Matter
- Self-Interacting Dark Matter with Mass Segregation: A Unified Explanation of Dwarf Cores and Small-Scale Lenses
- Three Birds with One Stone: Core-Collapsed SIDM Halos as the Common Origin of Dense Perturbers in Lenses, Streams, and Satellites
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