A Patient Simulation Framework for Risk Assessment of Conversational Healthcare AI: Evaluation of an Antidepressant Decision Aid

arXiv:2602.11391 · cs.CL · Submitted 2026-02-11 · Read on arXiv

cs.CL

Submitted: 2026-02-11

Updated: 2026-09-09

Code: https://github.com/malexandersalazar/xlm-roberta-base-cls-depression

License: http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/

Terminology

• Accuracy — 22× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• LLM judge — 20× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Alignment — 11× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Fidelity — 11× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Core — 8× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Feature Selection — 8× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Benchmark — 7× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Electronic Health Records — 5× in this paper
• Redundancy — 5× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• George Mason University — 4× in this paper
• National Institute of Standards and Technology — 4× in this paper
• Annotator Agreement — 3× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Clustering — 3× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Grounding — 3× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• RAG — 3× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Robustness — 3× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• Accountability — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Chain-of-Thought Prompting — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Direct Effects Multiplicative Inference Algorithm — 2× in this paper
• Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level — 2× in this paper
• Frustration — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Ontology — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute — 2× in this paper
• Provenance — 2× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Retrieval-Augmented Generation — 2× in this paper
• AI Agents — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Adaptation — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Adversarial scenarios — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Agent Interactions — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Behavioral Layer — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Benchmarking — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Chain-of-Thought (CoT) — 1× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Chain-of-Thought (CoT) Prompting — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Consistency — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Cosine Similarity — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Embeddings — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• F1 Score — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Failure Modes — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Foundation Model — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Foundation Models — 1× in this paper · explained in 7 episodes
• Generalizability — 1× in this paper · explained in 6 episodes
• Generalization — 1× in this paper · explained in 13 episodes
• Generative AI — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Health Administration and Policy — 1× in this paper
• Information Sciences and Technology — 1× in this paper
• Interpretability — 1× in this paper · explained in 15 episodes
• Knowledge Graph — 1× in this paper · explained in 7 episodes
• Large Language Model (LLM) — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count — 1× in this paper
• Multi-Agent System — 1× in this paper · explained in 6 episodes
• Representation Learning — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) — 1× in this paper · explained in 16 episodes
• Sample Efficiency — 1× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Scaffolding — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Structured Reasoning — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Synthetic Data Generation — 1× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• Unified Framework — 1× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• Verification — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Verifier — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes

Sources

• Evaluating LLM-based Agents for Multi-Turn Conversations: A Survey
• Measuring Recommender System Effects with Simulated Users
• PatientSim: A Persona-Driven Simulator for Realistic Doctor-Patient Interactions
• A Survey on Medical Large Language Models: Technology, Application, Trustworthiness, and Future Directions
• SimSUM: Simulated Benchmark with Structured and Unstructured Medical Records
• Simulated patient systems powered by large language model-based AI agents offer potential for transforming medical education
• Modeling Challenging Patient Interactions: LLMs for Medical Communication Training
• MATRIX: Multi-Agent simulaTion fRamework for safe Interactions and conteXtual clinical conversational evaluation
• HAICOSYSTEM: An Ecosystem for Sandboxing Safety Risks in Human-AI Interactions
• Learning diverse attacks on large language models for robust red-teaming and safety tuning
• Automatic Interactive Evaluation for Large Language Models with State Aware Patient Simulator
• LLMaAA: Making Large Language Models as Active Annotators

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