The Language You Ask In: Language-Conditioned Ideological Divergence in LLM Analysis of Contested Political Documents

arXiv:2601.12164 · cs.CY, cs.CL · Submitted 2026-08-19 · Read on arXiv

Oleg Smirnov

cs.CY, cs.CL

Submitted: 2026-08-19

Updated: 2026-08-20

Terminology

• Alignment — 12× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Actor — 7× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Provenance — 3× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Reinforcement Learning — 2× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Accuracy — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Adaptation — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Arbiter — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Cross-lingual Transfer — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Data Provenance — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Embeddings — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Generative AI — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Large Language Models (LLMs) — 1× in this paper · explained in 6 episodes
• Personalization — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Prompt Engineering — 1× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Representation Learning — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Trace — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes

Sources

• GPT-4 Technical Report
• OpenAI GPT-5 System Card
• BLOOM: A 176B-Parameter Open-Access Multilingual Language Model

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