Particle Astrophysics with High and Ultrahigh Energy Neutrinos
astro-ph.HE, hep-ph
Submitted: 2025-11-29
Updated: 2025-11-29
Comments: 15 pages, 4 figures. Review chapter for Encyclopedia of Particle Physics, Editor-in-Chief Christian S. Fischer, Section Editor Baha Balantekin
Journal ref: Encyclopedia of Particle Physics 3 (2026) 376
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-443-26598-3.00036-5
License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The gist: We summarize recent results of the observations of high (1 TeV-100 PeV) and ultrahigh (at least 100 PeV) energy neutrinos, including the detection of a diffuse cosmic high-energy neutrino background,
Terminology
Abstract
We summarize recent results of the observations of high (1 TeV-100 PeV) and ultrahigh (at least 100 PeV) energy neutrinos, including the detection of a diffuse cosmic high-energy neutrino background, the identification of the first neutrino source candidates, and the observation of high-energy neutrinos from the Galactic plane. These findings open a new window to the universe by enabling the use of neutrinos to probe the cosmos that are otherwise inaccessible via photons. Although the origins of most detected neutrinos remain uncertain, we highlight several distinctive features of their sources that have emerged from current observations.
Sources
- First observation of PeV-energy neutrinos with IceCube
- Evidence for High-Energy Extraterrestrial Neutrinos at the IceCube Detector
- Neutrino emission from the direction of the blazar TXS 0506+056 prior to the IceCube-170922A alert
- Evidence for neutrino emission from the nearby active galaxy NGC 1068
- Observation of high-energy neutrinos from the Galactic plane
- The IceCube high-energy starting event sample: Description and flux characterization with 7.5 years of data
- Improved Characterization of the Astrophysical Muon-Neutrino Flux with 9.5 Years of IceCube Data
- Characterization of the Astrophysical Diffuse Neutrino Flux using Starting Track Events in IceCube
- Search for Extremely-High-Energy Neutrinos and First Constraints on the Ultrahigh-Energy Cosmic-Ray Proton Fraction with IceCube
- Measurements using the inelasticity distribution of multi-TeV neutrino interactions in IceCube
- Characteristics of the diffuse astrophysical electron and tau neutrino flux with six years of IceCube high energy cascade data
- Probing the PeV Region in the Astrophysical Neutrino Spectrum using $\nu_\mu$ from the Southern Sky
- Measurement of the astrophysical diffuse neutrino flux in a combined fit of IceCube's high energy neutrino data
- Diffuse neutrino flux measurements with the Baikal-GVD neutrino telescope
- Detection of astrophysical tau neutrino candidates in IceCube
- Testing the Hadronuclear Origin of PeV Neutrinos Observed with IceCube
- On the normalisation of the cosmic star formation history
- Hidden Cosmic-Ray Accelerators as an Origin of TeV-PeV Cosmic Neutrinos
- New constraints on the origin of medium-energy neutrinos observed by IceCube
- Where do IceCube neutrinos come from? Hints from the diffuse gamma-ray flux
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