GMTRouter: Personalized LLM Router over Multi-turn User Interactions

arXiv:2511.08590 · cs.CL, cs.LG · Submitted 2025-10-29 · Read on arXiv

cs.CL, cs.LG

Submitted: 2025-10-29

Updated: 2026-09-02

Comments: Accepted to Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2026

Code: https://github.com/ulab-uiuc/GMTRouter

License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/

The gist: Large Language Model (LLM) routing has demonstrated strong capability in balancing response quality with computational cost.

Terminology

Abstract

Large Language Model (LLM) routing has demonstrated strong capability in balancing response quality with computational cost. As users exhibit diverse preferences, personalization has attracted increasing attention in LLM routing, since even identical queries may require different models to generate responses tailored to individual needs. However, existing approaches are not fully personalized and often fail to faithfully capture the complex interactions between users and LLMs. Moreover, user preference data is typically scarce and inconsistent in format, which limits the effectiveness of methods that directly leverage user-specific data. To address these challenges, we propose GMTRouter, which represents multi-turn user-LLM interactions as a heterogeneous graph with five node types: user, LLM, query, response and turn, thereby maximally preserving the rich relational structure of the interaction. Through a lightweight inductive graph learning framework combined with a tailored user-conditioned graph sampling mechanism, GMTRouter learns to capture user preferences from few-shot data, enabling effective personalization. Extensive experiments demonstrate that GMTRouter outperforms the strongest baselines, achieving up to a 0.108 absolute improvement in accuracy and a 0.124 improvement in AUC. More importantly, we further demonstrate that GMTRouter can adapt to new users using only few-shot data, without extensive fine-tuning. The code for GMTRouter is publicly available at https://github.com/ulab-uiuc/GMTRouter.

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