Neural Network identification of Dark Star Candidates. I. Photometry

The formation of the first stars in the universe could be significantly impacted by the effects of Dark Matter (DM). Namely, if DM is in the form of Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs), it could lead to the formation (at z about 25-10) of stars that are powered by DM annihilations alone, i.e. Dark Stars (DSs). Those objects can grow to become supermassive (M about 10 6 M) and shine as bright as a galaxy (L about 10 8 L). Using a simple χ squared minimization, the first three DSs photometric candidates (i.e. JADES-GS-z11, JADES-GS-z12, and JADES-GS-z13) were identified by Ilie et al. (2023). Our goal is to develop tools to streamline the identification of such candidates within the rather large publicly available high redshift JWST data sets. We present here the key first step in achieving this goal: the development and implementation of a feed-forward neural network (FFNN) search for Dark Star candidates, using data from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) photometric catalog. Our method reconfirms JADES-GS-z13 and JADES-GS-z11 as dark star candidates, based on the chi-squared goodness of fit test, yet they are about10 4 times faster than the Neadler-Mead χ squared minimization method used in Ilie et al. (2023). We further identify six new photometric Dark Star candidates across redshifts z about 9 to z about 14. These findings underscore the power of neural networks in modeling non-linear relationships and efficiently analyzing large-scale photometric surveys, advancing the search for Dark Stars.