Language Specific Knowledge: Do Models Know Better in X than in English?

arXiv:2505.14990 · cs.CL · Submitted 2025-05-21 · Read on arXiv

cs.CL

Submitted: 2025-05-21

Updated: 2026-09-23

Terminology

• Alignment — 14× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Language Specific Knowledge — 8× in this paper
• Benchmark — 7× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Accuracy — 6× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Low-Resource Languages — 4× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Latent Space — 3× in this paper · explained in 7 episodes
• Benchmarking — 2× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Affordance — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Clustering — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Continual Learning — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Epistemic Uncertainty — 1× in this paper · explained in 9 episodes
• Generalization — 1× in this paper · explained in 13 episodes
• Instruction Tuning — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Redundancy — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Reinforcement Learning — 1× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Semantic Alignment — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Trace — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Transformer — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes

Sources

• Towards Measuring and Modeling "Culture" in LLMs: A Survey
• The Geometry of Multilingual Language Model Representations
• Aya Expanse: Combining Research Breakthroughs for a New Multilingual Frontier
• DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in LLMs via Reinforcement Learning
• Do Multilingual Language Models Think Better in English?
• Massively Multi-Cultural Knowledge Acquisition & LM Benchmarking
• Could Thinking Multilingually Empower LLM Reasoning?
• The Llama 3 Herd of Models
• Multilingual Large Language Models and Curse of Multilinguality
• Not All Languages Are Created Equal in LLMs: Improving Multilingual Capability by Cross-Lingual-Thought Prompting
• Are Multilingual LLMs Culturally-Diverse Reasoners? An Investigation into Multicultural Proverbs and Sayings
• DeepSeek-R1 Thoughtology: Let's think about LLM Reasoning
• BLEnD: A Benchmark for LLMs on Everyday Knowledge in Diverse Cultures and Languages
• SocialIQA: Commonsense Reasoning about Social Interactions
• Do Multilingual LLMs Think In English?
• Gemma: Open Models Based on Gemini Research and Technology
• Qwen3 Technical Report
• Crosslingual Reasoning through Test-Time Scaling
• LangBridge: Multilingual Reasoning Without Multilingual Supervision
• Beyond English-Centric LLMs: What Language Do Multilingual Language Models Think in?

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