How to Build a Quantum Supercomputer: Scaling from Hundreds to Millions of Qubits

arXiv:2411.10406 · quant-ph, cond-mat.dis-nn, cs.AI, cs.DC · Submitted 2024-11-15 · Read on arXiv

quant-ph, cond-mat.dis-nn, cs.AI, cs.DC

Submitted: 2024-11-15

Updated: 2026-09-08

Comments: 92 pages, 53 figures. General revision, added new sections, added figures, added references, added appendices

License: http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/

Terminology

• Entanglement — 59× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Fidelity — 55× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Core — 51× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Distillation — 51× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Calibration — 47× in this paper · explained in 7 episodes
• Benchmarking — 45× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Benchmark — 44× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Quantum Circuits — 37× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Accuracy — 31× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Hubbard Model — 16× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Combinatorial Optimization — 9× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Verification — 9× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Entanglement Entropy — 7× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Gibbs State — 7× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Phase Transitions — 7× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Hamming Distance — 6× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Neural Quantum States — 6× in this paper
• Generalization — 5× in this paper · explained in 13 episodes
• Quantization — 5× in this paper · explained in 12 episodes
• Aggregation — 4× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Ancilla Qubits — 4× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• HPE Cray Programming Environment — 4× in this paper
• Quantum Processing Units — 4× in this paper
• Algorithmic Primitives — 3× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Communication Overhead — 3× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Digital Twin — 3× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Generative Model — 3× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Heterogeneous Probabilistic Architecture — 3× in this paper
• Post-Selection — 3× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Probabilistic Processing Units — 3× in this paper
• Quantum Intermediate Representation — 3× in this paper
• Reinforcement Learning — 3× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Robustness — 3× in this paper · explained in 5 episodes
• Sparsity — 3× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Abstraction — 2× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Bayesian Optimization — 2× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Effective Hamiltonian — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Entanglement Distillation — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Further Restricted Boltzmann Machine — 2× in this paper
• Generative AI — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Generative Models — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Hilbert Space — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Hypergraph — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• International Electron Devices Meeting — 2× in this paper
• Matrix Product States (MPS) — 2× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Quantum Phase Estimation (QPE) — 2× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Quantum Physics — 2× in this paper · explained in 10 episodes
• AI Integration — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Ab Initio — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Adaptive Algorithm — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• All-to-All Connectivity — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Ancillary Qubits — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Area Law — 1× in this paper · explained in 1 episode
• Clustering — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Consistency — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Cray Science and Math Library — 1× in this paper
• Decode — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency — 1× in this paper
• Degeneracy — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Embeddings — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Energy Efficiency — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• FPGA Mezzanine Card — 1× in this paper
• Field Programmable Gate Arrays — 1× in this paper
• HPE Cray Message Passing Interface — 1× in this paper
• High-Performance Conjugate Gradient — 1× in this paper
• Hybrid Approach — 1× in this paper · explained in 4 episodes
• Hybrid Architectures — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Hybrid System — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Local Optimization — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Modularity — 1× in this paper · explained in 9 episodes
• Operator Entanglement — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Portable Batch System — 1× in this paper
• Process tomography — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Redundancy — 1× in this paper · explained in 2 episodes
• Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM) — 1× in this paper · explained in 3 episodes
• Sample Complexity — 1× in this paper · explained in 15 episodes
• Space-time Heterogeneous Circuit Knitting — 1× in this paper

Sources

• Stabilizer Codes and Quantum Error Correction
• Resisting high-energy impact events through gap engineering in superconducting qubit arrays
• Saving superconducting quantum processors from qubit decay and correlated errors generated by gamma and cosmic rays
• Demonstration of logical qubits and repeated error correction with better-than-physical error rates
• Demonstrating quantum error mitigation on logical qubits
• Demonstration of low-overhead quantum error correction codes
• Demonstrating real-time and low-latency quantum error correction with superconducting qubits
• Experimental demonstration of the advantage of adaptive quantum circuits
• Elucidating Reaction Mechanisms on Quantum Computers
• Testing and Debugging Quantum Circuits
• Transversal architecture for megaquop-scale quantum simulation with neutral atoms
• Constant-time hybrid compilation of Shor's algorithm with quantum just-in-time compilation
• Dependable Classical-Quantum Computer Systems Engineering
• Opportunities and Challenges in Fault-Tolerant Quantum Computation
• Assessing requirements to scale to practical quantum advantage
• Optimizing Multi-level Magic State Factories for Fault-Tolerant Quantum Architectures
• Quantum algorithms for supervised and unsupervised machine learning
• Barren Plateaus in Variational Quantum Computing
• Optimizing Quantum Circuits for Arithmetic
• Quantum circuits for floating-point arithmetic

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